Co-occurrence of periodontal lesions and dental wear in incisor and masticatory teeth in two sheep flocks in Brazil.

BACKGROUND: Periodontitis and tooth wear are multifactorial diseases with distinct etiopathogenesis that affect the health, feed efficiency and welfare of sheep. METHODS: This study evaluated the co-occurrence of tooth wear and periodontal lesions in 129 ewes from two Brazilian flocks, clinically classified the lesions and presence of dental calculus, and identified potential pathogens in the dental biofilm of 63 ewes by polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS: Of the 129 ewes included in the study, 75 presented periodontal lesions, while all animals presented tooth wear and dental calculus. Of the animals with periodontal lesions, 16.2% had lesions in incisor teeth and 52.7% in masticatory teeth. Regarding excessive tooth wear, 38.6% had severe wear on the incisor teeth and 89.1% on the masticatory teeth. Ewes older than 36 months had a higher frequency of periodontal lesions in incisor teeth (p < 0.001) and a greater amount of dental calculus (p < 0.001), but there was no association between tooth wear and animal age. Fusobacterium nucleatum, Tannerella forsythia and Fusobacterium necrophorum predominated in periodontal lesions. LIMITATION: This study is limited by the small sample size and lack of diagnostic imaging to assess periodontal disease. CONCLUSION: The co-occurrence of periodontal lesions and excessive dental wear involving both the incisor and masticatory teeth suggests that although the two diseases have different aetiologies, they likely have common risk factors.

Acute kidney injury in dogs following ingestion of cream of tartar and tamarinds and the connection to tartaric acid as the proposed toxic principle in grapes and raisins.

OBJECTIVE: To (1) describe exposure history, clinical signs, treatment, and diagnostic findings in 4 dogs following ingestion of tamarinds, and in 2 dogs following ingestion of cream of tartar, and (2) discuss tartaric acid, the common denominator, as the proposed toxic principle in tamarinds and grapes. SERIES SUMMARY: Reports in which dogs developed acute kidney injury following ingestion of cream of tartar or tamarinds were identified from the ASPCA Animal Poison Control Center electronic database. In these cases, decontamination was not performed, and treatments were delayed. Despite IV fluids and symptomatic and supportive care, 2 of the dogs became anuric and 1 became oliguric. Four dogs were euthanized, and the outcome is unknown for 2 of the dogs. Necropsies were performed on 3 of the dogs. Clinical signs, laboratory findings, and histopathologic lesions were similar to those reported in grape and raisin toxicosis. NEW OR UNIQUE INFORMATION PROVIDED: Acute kidney injury may develop following ingestion of cream of tartar or tamarinds in dogs. Connecting these reports with findings in grape and raisin toxicosis and the sensitivity to tartaric acid in dogs, tartaric acid is identified as the likely toxic component in grapes and tamarinds.

Comparison of a Vegetable-Based Dental Chew to 2 Other Chews for Oral Health Prevention.

Giving dental chews to dogs is part of the passive homecare that helps prevent the formation of plaque and tartar. The objectives of these studies were to assess the effectiveness of a vegetable-based dental chew (VF) to maintain oral health, and to compare it to 2 different reference chews (RC) with a proven effectiveness. The first study was conducted on 45 small dogs (<10 kg) and the second on 60 larger dogs (15-30 kg) who were randomly assigned to 3 different groups. During 30 days, one group received no chew (control) while the second and third group received either one RC (RC1 or RC2) or one VF per day. All dogs had their teeth scaled on Day 0. On Day 30, scores were given for plaque and calculus. Gingival parameters were also assessed. Statistical analysis (analysis of variance and Tukey tests ± Bonferroni's adjustment) were performed to compare groups with α set at .05 for significance.The 3 types of chews were found to be efficacious to reduce plaque and calculus formation and the gingival bleeding compared to control (P < .05). There was no significant difference between RCs and VF in both trials except for the gingival bleeding parameters which showed a greater improvement with VF. Therefore, daily administration of the VF is effective to reduce plaque and calculus formation and gingival bleeding and has a better efficacy on gingival bleeding than the other reference products tested. It can therefore be used with confidence at home for preventative dental care.

Dentinal Lesions in Dogs with Dental Calculus.

Histopathological changes in tooth structures in dogs with calculus have not been described. The aim of this study was to evaluate the frequency of various histopathological changes in the dentine of teeth that had been surgically extracted from dogs with calculus. Data including breed, sex, age, reason for tooth extraction and dental history were obtained for each animal. A total of 158 teeth (45 incisors, 31 canines, 35 premolars and 47 molars) with calculus were extracted from 74 dogs of various ages and breeds. The teeth were decalcified, processed in paraffin wax and stained with haematoxylin and eosin for histopathological analysis. Of the 158 analysed teeth, 71 had dentinal changes, including 45 with external resorption cavities, 11 with osteodentine, six with internal resorption cavities, four with tertiary dentine, four with dentinal degeneration or fragmentation, and one with predentine degeneration or fragmentation. Canine teeth were the least commonly affected. Areas of dentinal degeneration or fragmentation unrelated to resorption cavities were only seen in the incisor and molar teeth. Dentinal changes and their frequencies were similar among the incisor, premolar and molar teeth. The presence or extension of dental calculus was not associated with the type or frequency of dentinal changes.

Principais características demográficas e nosológicas das doenças da cavidade oral de cães atendidos em um serviço de odontologia veterinária / Main demographic and nosological characteristics of diseases of the oral cavity of dogs treated at a veterinary dentistry service

Afecções da cavidade oral como o cálculo dentário (CD) e a doença periodontal (DP) são frequentes na clínica de cães e têm grande impacto na saúde e qualidade de vida dos pacientes acometidos. No entanto, a adoção de medidas preventivas ainda é difícil, uma vez que a frequência das doenças da cavidade oral em cães ainda é pouco compreendida no Brasil. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar características demográficas e nosológicas, como os hábitos alimentares e de manejo de escovação, dos distúrbios da cavidade oral de 198 cães atendidos no período compreendido entre 2013 e 2019, em um serviço de odontologia veterinária, na cidade do Rio de Janeiro. A maioria dos cães atendidos não tinha raça definida. Entre os de raça pura, Yorkshire Terrie foi a mais prevalente, não havendo distinção significativa entre o gênero, em todos os casos. Quanto à idade, observou-se uma predominância de animais de meia idade a idosos, com faixa etária acima dos sete anos. Dentre as afecções mais prevalentes, o destaque se deve ao cálculo dentário e à doença periodontal, seguidos por gengivite e halitose. Quanto aos hábitos dos tutores, notou-se baixa adesão à realização de escovação rotineira, e um alto percentual no fornecimento de petiscos. Avaliando-se os resultados e relacionando-os aos hábitos alimentares dos pacientes, surge a hipótese de que a alimentação à base de ração comercial, de alguma forma possa contribuir para evolução do cálculo dentário, necessitando estudos com maior amostragem para elucidação.

Diseases of the oral cavity, such as Dental Calculus (DC) and Periodontal Disease (PD), are frequent in the dog clinic and have a great impact on the health and quality of life of affected patients. However, the adoption of preventive measures is still difficult, since the epidemiology of diseases of the oral cavity is still poorly understood in Brazil. The aim of this study was to evaluate demographic and nosological aspects ­ such as feeding and brushing habits ­ of disorders of the oral cavity of 198 dogs treated in the period between 2013 and 2019, in a veterinary dentistry service, in the city of Rio de Janeiro. The most prevalent breeds were mixed breed dogs, followed by Yorkshire Terries, with no significant distinction between the gender. As for age, there was a predominance of animals from middle age to the elderly, with ages above seven years old. Among the most prevalent conditions, the highlight is due to dental calculus and periodontal disease followed by gingivitis and halitosis. Regarding the tutors' habits, there was a low level of routine brushing, and a high percentage in the supply of snacks. Evaluating the results and relating them to the eating habits of the patients, the hypothesis that comercial dog food feeding may somehow contribute to dental calculus evolution, urging studies with bigger samples for a deeper investigation.

Salivary proteomic profile of dogs with and without dental calculus.

BACKGROUND: Dogs' saliva is a complex mixture of inorganic and organic constituents, rich in proteins. Therefore, knowing the saliva composition of these animals is extremely important to identify the presence of proteins that may be involved in physiological and pathological mechanisms of their oral cavity. The present study aimed to characterize the proteomic profile of saliva from dogs with and without dental calculus. RESULTS: Saliva samples were collected from 20 dogs. Before the collection, a visual clinical examination was performed and 8 subjects (40%) did not present any signs of dental calculus, while 12 (60%) presented dental calculus. After saliva collection, the samples were submitted to protein quantification (mBCA), and then they were prepared for analysis by nLC-ESI-MS/MS. A total of 658 unique proteins were identified, of which 225 were specific to dogs without dental calculus, 300 were specific to dogs with dental calculus, and 133 were common to all subjects. These proteins presented functions including transportation, immune response, structural, enzymatic regulation, signal transduction, transcription, metabolism, and some proteins perform functions as yet unknown. Several salivary proteins in dogs with dental calculus differed from those found in the group without dental calculus. Among the abundant proteins detected in periodontal affected cases, can be highlighting calcium-sensing receptor and transforming growth factor beta. Enrichment analysis reveled the presence of Rho GTPases signaling pathway. CONCLUSIONS: This research identified salivary proteins, that should be further investigated as potencial biomarkers of chronic periodontits with dental calculus formation in dogs.

Evaluation of Efficacy of a Dental Chew to Reduce Gingivitis, Dental Plaque, Calculus, and Halitosis in Toy Breed Dogs.

The aim of this study was to determine the clinical efficacy of a dental chew with mechanical and chemical properties in 2 toy dog breeds. Eight Yorkshire terriers and 9 Chihuahuas participated in a crossover design trial. Gingivitis, dental plaque, calculus, and volatile sulfur compounds (VSC) in the breath were assessed after 4 weeks and 9 weeks, respectively. When dogs were fed 1 dental chew per day they had significantly reduced gingivitis (-20%, P < .001), accumulation of plaque (-15%, P < .001), calculus (-35%, P = .001), and VSC concentration (-19%, P < .001) compared to when receiving no chew. A significant breed effect was observed on all the average dental indices and VSC concentration.

Evaluation of teeth injuries in Beagle dogs caused by autoclaved beef bones used as a chewing item to remove dental calculus.

Dental calculus (DC) is the most widespread oral problem in domestic dogs. Chewing items are used to remove DC from the tooth surface; they also favor oral health and animal welfare. Raw beef bone mastication also shortly reduces DC in adult dogs. However, it can cause oral lesions and hence is not popular. This study evaluated the impact of bone mastication on the dental roots, enamel, and gingiva of dogs. Twelve adult Beagle dogs were randomly divided into 2 treatment groups in a completely randomized block design: cortical bone (CB) or spongy bone (SB). Intraoral radiographs were obtained on days 0 and 14, and calculus assessment was performed using images captured on days 0, 3, 6, 9, 12, and 14; an integration program was used to measure the proportion between the area covered by calculus and the total area of teeth. DC was completely removed from the first and second premolars and molars from both the arcades in less than 3 days of supplementation, indicating that these teeth were frequently used for chewing (P < 0.10). Bones were highly effective for DC removal and gingival inflammation reduction. Despite the hardness of bones, no lesions or teeth root and enamel fracture, or esophageal or intestinal obstructions-complications related to bone ingestion-were noted. However, SB showed some gingival lesions (n = 4) and bone remnants between teeth (n = 2). Gingival lesions were caused by the daily and continuous supply of new pieces of bone for 13 days. Specific pieces of bone should be used for oral home care programs because they shortly remove almost 90% of DC, allowing longer intervals between periodontal cleaning procedures. Long-term studies are required to evaluate the use of bones and evaluate their impact on teeth and periodontium after prolonged supplementation.

Two Randomized Trials Demonstrate Lactic Acid Supplementation in Pet Food Inhibits Dental Plaque, Calculus, and Tooth Stain in Cats.

BACKGROUND: Dental concerns are some of the most common health problems affecting companion animals. A variety of foods, treats, and chews comprising different mechanical and chemical technologies have been investigated as a means of promoting oral health. Here, we investigate the chemical technology, lactic acid added to a commercially available food, for its ability to inhibit dental plaque, calculus, and tooth stain accumulation in cats. METHODS: Two separate feeding trials assessed the utility of a nutritionally complete feline maintenance food supplemented with lactic acid to reduce oral substrate accumulation (dental plaque, calculus, and tooth stain) in cats. After a calibration study identified high and low dental plaque formers, 45 cats were randomized to 1 of 2 test groups (food with 1.2% lactic acid supplementation) or control (food without lactic acid supplementation) groups, stratified based on their calibration scores. Data were collected on a monthly basis for 3 months. The second study randomly assigned 24 cats to either the test or control groups for 1 year, with data collected at the 6- and 12-month time points. RESULTS: In the 3-month study, reductions in dental plaque, calculus, and tooth stain accumulations were observed at the 2-month assessment in both test groups compared with control (P < .05 for test group 2). The 1-year study showed that these reductions in oral substrate accumulation persisted through the 6- and 12-month time points (P < .05). CONCLUSIONS: Taken together, these studies demonstrate that lactic acid supplemented at 1.2% in a feline maintenance food significantly inhibits oral substrate accumulation.

Validation of Quantitative Light-Induced Fluorescence for Quantifying Calculus on Dogs' Teeth.

Periodontal disease is a common disease of dogs and is initiated by the buildup of plaque on the tooth surface. As plaque matures, it becomes mineralized to form calculus, which although not directly involved in the etiology of periodontal disease, provides an irregular surface to which plaque can adhere. Evaluation of the quantity of plaque and calculus on dogs' teeth is therefore essential to enable the efficacy of products, designed to prevent or retard plaque and calculus accumulation, to be evaluated. The objective of this study was to determine whether quantitative light-induced fluorescence (QLFTM) is a suitable tool to quantify the amount of calculus on the buccal surface of dogs' teeth following the removal of disclosed plaque by tooth brushing. The amount of calculus on the teeth of 26 miniature schnauzers was measured, using QLF and a calculus index method (Warrick-Gorrel), during a 28-day phase crossover study comparing feeding a daily dental chew versus providing no daily chew. Quantification of calculus using the Warrick-Gorrel method showed a 43.8% reduction in calculus buildup, with 95% confidence interval of 27.3 to 60.3 ( P < .001). With QLF, the percentage reduction in calculus accumulation was 65.8% (58.1-73.4, P < .001). A retrospective sample size analysis showed that fewer dogs were required for QLF analysis compared to the Warrick-Gorrel method. This study demonstrated that QLF is a sensitive and precise method for quantification of calculus on dogs' teeth. It removes the subjective element of human examiners and has greater accuracy and reduced variability through the continuous nature of the data.

Association of gingivitis with dental calculus thickness or dental calculus coverage and subgingival bacteria in feline leukemia virus- and feline immunodeficiency virus-negative cats.

Periodontal disease is the most common oral disease in cats. The objectives of this study were to determine the relationships between gingivitis and dental calculus thickness (DCT), or dental calculus coverage (DCC); determine the association of gingivitis scores and types of oral bacteria; and to evaluate bacterial co-infection in cats with periodontal disease. Twelve cats that were not infected with feline leukemia or feline immunodeficiency viruses were enrolled in the study. Gingivitis, DCT, and DCC were scored and recorded. A Kruskal-Wallis test was used to compare scores among canine, 2nd premolar, 3rd premolar, 4th premolar, and 1st molar teeth. The relationship between gingivitis and DCT or DCC scores was determined using the Spearman rank sum test (ρ). Subgingival bacteria were cultured and the association between bacterial species and gingivitis score was evaluated using a Fisher's exact test. The average gingivitis, DCT, and DCC scores for the caudal maxillary teeth were higher for the caudal mandibular teeth and more severe for the 3rd premolar, 4th premolar, and 1st molar teeth than for the canine teeth. A strong relationship between average DCT or DCC score and average gingivitis score was found (ρ = 0.96 and 1, respectively). Aerobic and anaerobic bacterial infections were identified in a large number of cats with periodontal disease (71.1% and 28.9%, respectively). In conclusion, severe gingivitis scores were associated with anaerobic bacterial infection. The caudal teeth are affected with more severe gingivitis, DCT, and DCC than the other teeth. Antibiotic prophylaxis should be prescribed in cats with periodontal disease.

La maladie parodontale est la maladie orale la plus fréquente chez les chats. Les objectifs de la présente étude étaient de déterminer les relations entre la gingivite et l'épaisseur du tartre dentaire (ETD), ou la couverture du tartre dentaire (CTD); déterminer l'association des pointages de gingivite et les types de bactéries orales; et d'évaluer les co-infections bactériennes chez les chats avec maladie parodontale. Douze chats qui n'étaient pas infectés par le virus de la leucémie féline ou le virus de l'immunodéficience féline ont été recrutés pour cette étude. La gingivite, l'ETD, et la CTD ont été évalués et notés. Un test de Kruskal-Wallis a permis de comparer les pointages parmi les dents canines, 2e prémolaires, 3e prémolaires, 4e prémolaires et 1ère molaires. La relation entre la gingivite et les pointages d'ETD ou de CTD a été déterminée à l'aide du test de corrélation de Spearman (ρ). Les bactéries sous-gingivales ont été cultivées et l'association entre les espèces bactériennes et le pointage de gingivite a été évaluée à l'aide du test exact de Fisher. Les pointages moyens de gingivite, d'ETD, et de CTD pour les dents maxillaires caudales étaient plus élevés que pour les dents mandibulaires caudales et plus sévères pour les dents 3e prémolaires, 4e prémolaires, et 1ère molaires que pour les canines. Une forte relation entre les pointages moyens d'ETD et de CTD et les pointages moyens de gingivite a été trouvée (ρ = 0,96 et 1, respectivement). Des infections bactériennes aérobies et anaérobies ont été identifiées chez un grand nombre de chats avec maladie parodontale (71,1 % et 28,9 %, respectivement). En conclusion, des pointages élevés de gingivite étaient associés avec des infections par des bactéries anaérobiques. Les dents caudales étaient plus sévèrement affectées de gingivite, d'ETD, et de CTD que les autres dents. Une antibiothérapie prophylactique devrait être prescrite pour des chats avec maladie parodontale.(Traduit par Docteur Serge Messier).

The State of Veterinary Dental Education in North America, Canada, and the Caribbean: A Descriptive Study.

Dental disease is important in the population of pets seen by veterinarians. Knowledge and skills related to oral disease and dentistry are critical entry-level skills expected of graduating veterinarians. A descriptive survey on the state of veterinary dental education was sent to respondents from 35 veterinary schools in the United States, Canada, and the Caribbean. Using the online SurveyMonkey application, respondents answered up to 26 questions. Questions were primarily designed to determine the breadth and depth of veterinary dental education from didactic instruction in years 1-3 to the clinical year programs. There was an excellent response to the survey with 86% compliance. Learning opportunities for veterinary students in years 1-3 in both the lecture and laboratory environments were limited, as were the experiences in the clinical year 4, which were divided between community-type practices and veterinary dentistry and oral surgery services. The former provided more hands-on clinical experience, including tooth extraction, while the latter focused on dental charting and periodontal debridement. Data on degrees and certifications of faculty revealed only 12 programs with board-certified veterinary dentists. Of these, seven veterinary schools had residency programs in veterinary dentistry at the time of the survey. Data from this study demonstrate the lack of curricular time dedicated to dental content in the veterinary schools participating in the survey, thereby suggesting the need for veterinary schools to address the issue of veterinary dental education. By graduation, new veterinarians should have acquired the needed knowledge and skills to meet both societal demands and professional expectations.

Oral health correlates of captivity.

The predominant diet fed to captive carnivores in North America consists of ground meat formulated to provide full nutritional requirements. However, this ground meat diet completely lacks the mechanical properties (i.e., toughness and hardness) of the foods these animals would consume in the wild. The goal of this study is to evaluate the effect of captivity on oral health by comparing the prevalence of periodontal disease and dental calculus accumulation in wild and captive lions and tigers (Panthera leo and Panthera tigris), and to also correlate oral health with cranial morphology in these specimens. To achieve this, 34 adult lion and 29 adult tiger skulls were scored for the presence and extent of dental calculus and periodontal disease. These oral health scores were also compared to cranial deformations examined in a previous study. We found that the occurrence and severity of calculus buildup and periodontal disease was significantly higher in captive felids compared to their wild counterparts. Further, higher calculus accumulation occurred on the posterior teeth when compared to the anterior teeth, while an opposite trend for periodontal disease was observed. We also found a significant correlation between oral health and cranial morphology of lions and tigers. The results suggest that food mechanical properties are significant factors contributing to oral health in felids.

Raw beef bones as chewing items to reduce dental calculus in Beagle dogs.

OBJECTIVE: Evaluate the effect of raw bovine cortical bone (CB) (medullary bone cross-sectioned) and marrow or epiphyseal 'spongy' bone (SB) as chew items to reduce dental calculus in adult dogs. METHODS: Eight 3-year-old Beagle dogs were observed in two study periods. In the first study, the dogs each received a piece of bovine femur CB (122 ± 17 g) daily and in the second study, a piece of bovine femur SB (235 ± 27 g). The first study lasted 12 days and the second 20 days. Dental calculus was evaluated using image integration software. RESULTS: At the start of the studies, dental calculus covered 42.0% and 38.6% of the dental arcade areas, respectively. In study one, the chewing reduced the established dental calculus area to 27.1% (35.5% reduction) after 3 days and after 12 days the dental calculus covering was reduced to 12.3% (70.6% reduction). In study two, the dental calculus covered 16.8% (56.5% reduction) after 3 days, 7.1% (81.6% reduction) after 12 days and 4.7% (87.8% reduction) after 20 days. The CB remained largely intact after 24 h, but SB was reduced to smaller pieces and in some cases totally consumed after 24 h. No complications such as tooth fractures, pieces of bone stuck between teeth or intestinal obstructions were observed during the studies. CONCLUSIONS: Chewing raw bovine bones was an effective method of removing dental calculus in dogs. The SB bones removed dental calculus more efficiently in the short term.

Dental disorders in brown howler monkeys (Alouatta guariba clamitans) maintained in captivity.

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to investigate dental disorders of brown howler monkeys maintained in captivity. The hypothesis is that the identification and diagnosis of the lesions may contribute to control and prevention. METHODS: Sixteen intact brown howler monkeys (Alouatta guariba clamitans), eight females and eight males, weighing from 3.9 to 6.8 kg, were studied. Under general anesthesia, the teeth were evaluated by visual inspection, probing, palpation, and intra-oral radiographic exam. The findings were registered on a dental chart specific for primates. RESULT: Of the 16 monkeys evaluated in the present study, 94% (n = 15) had some type of dental disorder. The lesions observed were dental calculus (88%), dental wear (81%), missing teeth (38%), gingivitis (19%), gingival recession (6%), dental fracture (19%), pulp exposure (19%), and dental staining (25%). CONCLUSIONS: Alouatta guariba clamitans maintained in captivity have a high rate of dental problems.

Serum Ionized Calcium Quantification for Staging Canine Periodontal Disease: A Preliminary Study.

Periodontal diseases (PD) are infectious, inflammatory, progressive diseases of the oral cavity affecting people and dogs. PD takes 2 forms: gingivitis and periodontitis. Diagnosing or staging PD can be achieved only with dental x-rays and periodontal probing, both of which require the use of general anesthesia in dogs. This study aimed to determine whether serum ionized calcium ([iCa(2+)]) levels can be useful in preliminary PD staging in dogs. A sample of 40 dogs (n = 40) was divided into 4 groups (n = 10 each) based on the following PD stages: G1 (gingivitis), G2 (initial periodontitis), G3 (moderate periodontitis), and G4 (severe periodontitis). The groups were then subjected to [iCa(2+)] quantification. Statistically significant differences were observed between PD stages and [iCa(2+)] for all stages except G3 and G4. Therefore, this parameter can be used as an additional tool to establish and monitor preliminary PD status.

Age determination in dogs using ocular light reflection, dental abrasion and tartar.

OBJECTIVE: The knowledge of an animal's age is important for disease probability, prognoses, or epidemiological questions, but unfortunately, it is often unknown for dogs in animal shelters. A simple estimating procedure is preferable being quick and easy to perform, even for non-veterinarians. MATERIAL AND METHODS: In 295 dogs the dimension of light reflection (diameter in millimetres), visible on the posterior lens capsule using a penlight, the grade of dental abrasion and dental tartar were documented photographically and the exact weight and age in days were obtained. These photographs were evaluated blinded. The dogs were divided randomly into two groups. The first group was used to establish a model for age determination using linear and logistic regression models considering the documented parameters, which was then validated with the data of the second group. RESULTS: The size of ocular light reflection and age correlated significantly (r = 0.781; p < 0.001; sy,x = 2.45 years [SD of y for given x]). The linear regression model gave the final equation: Estimated age [months] = 13.954 + 33.400 × lens reflection [mm] + 8.406 × dental abrasion [grade] + 8.871 × tartar [grade] with a standard error of estimation of 2.26 years. CONCLUSION AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Age determination, even based on three parameters results in a large standard deviation making age estimation in dogs very crude.

Effect of Frequency of Brushing Teeth on Plaque and Calculus Accumulation, and Gingivitis in Dogs.

The efficacy of brushing the teeth of beagle dogs in a randomized, controlled, blinded study design using a clearly-defined brushing technique was evaluated for 4 brushing frequencies: brushing daily, brushing every other day, brushing weekly and brushing every other week, compared with no brushing in a control group of dogs. All dogs were fed a standard dry kibble diet during the study. Standard plaque, calculus, and gingivitis indices were used to score the teeth. A 'clean tooth' model was used. No gingival or non-gingival lacerations or other signs of injury to oral tissues were found at the end of the 28 day trial period. Brushing more frequently had greater effectiveness in retarding accumulation of plaque and calculus, and reducing the severity of pre-existing gingivitis. Brushing daily or every other day produced statistically significant improved results compared with brushing weekly or every other week. Based on the results of this study, daily brushing is recommended.